Biochemistry & Clinical Pathology

1. Biochemistry:
   • Definition: Biochemistry is the branch of science that studies the chemical processes and substances that occur within living organisms. It focuses on the structure, function, and interactions of biomolecules such as proteins, nucleic acids, carbohydrates, and lipids.
   • Role in Medicine: Biochemistry is essential for understanding the molecular basis of diseases and developing diagnostic tests and treatments. It helps elucidate how specific molecules and pathways are involved in health and disease.
   • Laboratory Techniques: Biochemical analysis involves a wide range of laboratory techniques, including spectrophotometry, chromatography, electrophoresis, and enzymatic assays. These methods are used to measure biomarkers, enzymes, hormones, and other molecules in biological samples like blood, urine, and tissues.
2. Clinical Pathology:
   • Definition: Clinical pathology, also known as laboratory medicine or clinical laboratory science, is the medical specialty that focuses on the analysis of patient samples (e.g., blood, urine, tissues) to diagnose diseases, monitor treatment, and assess overall health.
   • Role in Medicine: Clinical pathologists and laboratory professionals work together to perform diagnostic tests, interpret results, and provide valuable information to healthcare providers. They help in disease diagnosis, management, and prevention.
   • Laboratory Techniques: Clinical pathology encompasses various laboratory disciplines, including:
     • Hematology: The study of blood and blood disorders.
     • Clinical Microbiology: Identification of infectious agents (e.g., bacteria, viruses) and antibiotic susceptibility testing.
     • Clinical Chemistry: Analysis of blood and urine chemistry to assess organ function and diagnose metabolic disorders.
     • Immunology and Serology: Detection of antibodies and antigens to diagnose autoimmune disorders and infections.
     • Histopathology: Examination of tissue samples under a microscope to identify abnormalities and diagnose diseases.
     • Cytology: Examination of cells, often used in cancer diagnosis (e.g., Pap smears).

Biochemistry and clinical pathology are interconnected because biochemistry provides the foundational knowledge of molecular processes within the body, which informs the development of clinical pathology tests and the interpretation of results. Together, these fields contribute significantly to the practice of modern medicine by aiding in disease diagnosis, monitoring treatment efficacy, and improving patient care.